New Features in MySQL and MariaDB

Tue, 2016-11-22 15:45 — Shinguz

As you probably know MySQL is an Open Source product licensed under the GPL v2. The GPL grants you the right to not just read and understand the code of the product but also to use, modify AND redistribute the code as long as you follow the GPL rules.

This redistribution has happened in the past various times. But in the western hemisphere only 3 of these branches/forks of MySQL are of relevance for the majority of the MySQL users: Galera Cluster for MySQL, MariaDB (Server and Galera Cluster) and Percona Server (and XtraDB Cluster).

Now it happened what has to happen in nature: The different branches/forks start to diverge (following the marketing rule: differentiate yourself from your competitors). The biggest an most important divergence happens now between MySQL and MariaDB.

Recently a customer of FromDual claimed that there is no more progress in the MySQL Server development whereas the MariaDB Server does significant progress. I was wondering a bit how this statement could have been made. So I try to summarize the New Features which have been added since the beginning of the separation starting with MySQL 5.1.

It is important to know, that some parts of MySQL code are directly or in modified form ported to MariaDB whereas some MariaDB features were implemented in MySQL as well. So missing features in MariaDB or improvements in MySQL can possibly make it sooner or later also into MariaDB and vice versa. Further both forks were profiting significantly from old MySQL 6.0 code which was never really announced broadly.

Further to consider: Sun Microsystems acquired MySQL in January 2008 (MySQL 5.1.23 was out then and MySQL 5.2, 5.4 and 6.0 were in the queue) and Sun was acquired by Oracle in January 2010 (MySQL 5.1.43, MySQL 5.5.1 were out, MySQL 5.2, 5.4 and 6.0 were abandoned and MySQL 5.6 was in the queue).

MySQL 5.1MariaDB 5.1 (link), 5.2 (link) and 5.3 (link)
  • Partitioning
  • Row-based replication
  • Plugin API
  • Event scheduler
  • Server log tables
  • Upgrade program `mysql_upgrade`
  • Improvements to `INFORMATION_SCHEMA`
  • XML functions with `Xpath` support
MariaDB 5.1
  • Storage Engines
    • Aria (Crash-safe MyISAM)
    • XtraDB plugin (Branch of InnoDB)
    • PBXT (transactional Storage Engine)
    • FederatedX (replacement for Federated)
  • Performance
    • Faster `CHECKSUM TABLE`
    • Character Set conversion improvement/elimination
    • Speed-up of complex queries using Aria SE for temporary tables
    • Optimizer: Table elimination
  • Upgrade from MySQL 5.0 improved.
  • Better testing.
  • Microseconds precision in `PROCESSLIST`.

MariaDB 5.2

  • Storage Engines
    • OQGRAPH (Graph SE)
    • SphinxSE (Full-text search engine)
  • Performance
    • Segmented MyISAM key cache (instances)
    • Group Commit for Aria SE
  • Security
    • Pluggable Authentication
  • Virtual columns
  • Extended user statistics
  • Storage Engine specific CREATE TABLE
  • Enhancements to INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS table

MariaDB 5.3

  • Performance
    • Subquery Optimization
      • Semi-join subquery optimizations
      • Non-semi-join optimizations
      • Subquery Cache
      • Subquery is not materialized any more in EXPLAIN
    • Optimization for derived tables and views
      • No early materialization of derived tables
      • Derived Table Merge optimization
      • Derived Table with Keys optimization
      • Fields of mergeable views and derived tables are involved in optimization
    • Disk access optimization
      • Index Condition Pushdown (ICP)
      • Multi-Range-Read optimization (MRR)
    • Join optimizations
      • Block-based Join Algorithms: Block Nested Loop (BNL) for outer joins, Block Hash Joins, Block Index Joins (Batched Key Access (BKA) Joins)
    • Index Merge improvements
  • Replication
    • Group Commit for Binary Log
    • Annotation of row-based replication events with the original SQL statement
    • Checksum for binlog events
    • Enhancements for START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
    • Performance improvement for row-based replication for tables with no primary key
  • Handler Socket Interface included.
  • HANDLER READ works with prepared statements
  • Dynamic Column support for Handler Interface
  • Microsecond support
  • CAST extended
  • Windows performance improvements
  • New status variables
  • Progress reports for some operations
  • Enhanced KILL command
MySQL 5.5 (link)MariaDB 5.5 (link)
  • InnoDB
    • InnoDB Version 5.5
    • Default storage engine switched to InnoDB.
    • InnoDB fast INDEX DROP/CREATE feature added.
    • Multi-core scalability. Focus on InnoDB, especially locking and memory management.
    • Optimizing InnoDB I/O subsystem to more effective use of available I/O capacity.
  • Performance
    • MySQL Thread Pool plugin (Enterprise)
  • Security
    • MySQL Audit plugin (Enterprise)
    • MySQL pluggable authentication (Enterprise) for LDAP, Kerberos, PAM and Windows login
  • Replication
    • Semi-synchronous replication.
  • Partitioning
    • 2 new partition types (RANGE COLUMNS, LIST COLUMNS).
    • TRUNCATE PARTITION.

  • Proxy Users

  • Diagnostic improvements to better access execution an performance information including PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA, expanded SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS output and new status variables.

  • Supplementary Unicode characters (utf16, utf32, utf8mb4).

  • CACHE INDEX and LOAD INDEX INTO CACHE for partitioned MyISAM tables.

  • Condition Handling: SIGNAL and RESIGNAL.

  • Introduction of Metadata locking to prevent DDL statements from compromising transactions serializability.

  • IPv6 Support

  • XML enhancement LOAD_XML_INFILE.

  • Build chain switched to CMake to ease build on other platforms including Windows.

  • Deprecation and remove of features.

  • Storage Engines

    • SphinxSE updated to 2.0.4
    • PBXT Storage Engine is deprecated.
    • XtraDB
      • MariaDB uses XtraDB 5.5 as compiled in SE and InnoDB 5.5 as plugin.
      • Extended Keys support for XtraDB
    • Performance
      • Thread pool plugin
      • Non-blocking client API Library
    • Replication
      • Updates on P_S tables are not logged to binary log.
      • replicate_* variables are dynamically.
      • Skip_replication option
    • LIMIT ROWS EXAMINED
    • New status variables for features.
    • New plugin to log SQL level errors.
    MySQL 5.6 (link)MariaDB 10.0 (link)
    • InnoDB
      • InnoDB Version 5.6
      • InnoDB full-text search.
      • InnoDB transportable tablespace support
      • Different InnoDB pages size implementation (4k, 8k, 16k)
      • Improvement of InnoDB adaptive flushing algorithm to make I/O more efficient.
      • NoSQL style Memcached API to access InnoDB data.
      • InnoDB optimizer persistent statistics.
      • InnoDB read-only transactions.
      • Separating InnoDB UNDO tablespace from system tablespace.
      • Maximum InnoDB transaction log size increased from 4G to 512G.
      • InnoDB read-only capability for read-only media (CD, DVD, etc.)
      • InnoDB table compression.
      • New InnoDB metadata table in INFORMATION_SCHEMA.
      • InnoDB internal performance enhancements.
      • Better InnoDB deadlock detection algorithm. Deadlock can be written to MySQL error log.
      • InnoDB buffer pool state saving and restoring capabilities.
      • InnoDB Monitor dynamically disable/enable.
      • Online and in-place DDL operations for normal and partitioned InnoDB Tables to reduce application downtime.
    • Optimizer
      • ORDER BY non-index-column for simple queries and subqueries
      • Disk-Sweep Multi-Range Read (MRR) optimization for secondary index/table access to reduce I/O
      • Index Condition Pushdown (ICP) optimization by pushing down the WHERE filter to the storage engine.
      • EXPLAIN also works for DML statements.
      • Optimizing of subqueries in derived tables (FROM (...)) by postponing or indexing derived tables.
      • Implementation of semi-join and materialization strategies to optimize subquery execution.
      • Batched Key Access (BKA) join algorithm to improve join performance during table scanning.
      • Optimizer trace capabilities.
    • Performance Schema (P_S)
      • Instrumentation for Statements and stages
      • Configuration of consumers at server start-up
      • Summary tables for table and index I/O and for table locks
      • Event filtering by table
      • Various new instrumentation.
    • Security
      • Encrypted authentication credentials
      • Stronger encryption for passwords (SHA-256 authentication plugin)
      • MySQL User password expiration.
      • Password validation plugin to check password strength
      • mysql_install_db can create secure root password by default
      • cleartext password is not written to any log file any more.
      • MySQL Firewall (Enterprise)
    • Replication
      • Transaction based replication using global transaction identifiers (GTID)
      • Row Image Control to reduce binary log volume.
      • Crash-safe replication with checksumming and verifying.
      • IO and SQL thread information can be stored in an transactional table inside the DB.
      • MySQL binlog streaming with mysqlbinlog possible.
      • Delayed replication
      • Parallel replication on schema level.
    • Partitioning
      • Number of partitions including subpartitions increased to 8192.
      • Exchange partition with a normal table.
      • Explicit selection of specific partiton is possible.
      • Partition lock prunining for DML and DDL statements.
    • Condition handling: GET DIAGNOSTICS and SET DIAGNOSTICS
    • Server defaults changes.
    • Data types TIME, DATETIME and TIMESTAMP with microseconds
    • Host cache exposure and connection errors status information for finding connection problems.
    • Improvement in GIS functions.
    • Deprecation and remove of features.
    • Storage Engine
      • Cassandra Storage Engine
      • Connect Storage Engine
      • Sequence Storage Engine
      • Better table discovery (FederatedX)
      • Spider Storage Engine
      • TokuDB Storage Engine
      • Mroonga fulltext search Storage Engine
    • XtraDB
      • XtraDB Version 5.6
      • Async commit checkpoint in XtraDB and InnoDB
      • Support for atomic writes on FusionIO DirectFS
    • Replication
      • Parallel Replication
      • Global Transaction ID (GTID)
      • Multi Source Replication
    • Performance
      • Subquery Optimization (EXISTS to IN)
      • Faster UNIQUE KEY generation
      • Shutdown performance improvement for MyISAM/Aria table (adjustable hash size)
    • Security
      • Roles
      • MariaDB Audit Plugin
    • Optimizer
      • EXPLAIN for DML Statements
      • Engine independent table statistics
      • Histogram based statistics
      • QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME plugin
      • SHOW EXPLAIN for running connections
      • EXPLAIN in the Slow Query Log
    • Per thread memory usage statistics
    • SHOW PLUGINS SONAME
    • SHUTDOWN command
    • Killing a query by query id not thread id.
    • Return result set of delete rows with DELETE ... RETURNING
    • ALTER TABLE IF (NOT) EXISTS
    • CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE
    • Dynamic columns referenced by name
    • Multiple use locks (GET_LOCK) in one connection
    • Better error messages
    • New regular expressions (PCRE) REGEXP_REPLACE, REGEXP_INSTR, REGEXP_SUBSTR
    • Metadata lock information in INFORMATION_SCHEMA
    • Priority queue optimization visibility
    • FLUSH TABLE ... FOR EXPORT flushes changes to disk for binary copy
    • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP as DEFAULT for DATETIME
    • Various features backported from MySQL 5.6
    MySQL 5.7 (link)MariaDB 10.1 (link)
    • InnoDB
      • InnoDB Version 5.7
      • VAR CHAR size increase can be in-place in some cases.
      • DDL performance improvements for temporary InnoDB tables (CREATE DROP TRUNCATE, ALTER)
      • Active InnoDB temporary table metadata are exposed in table INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO.
      • InnoDB support spatial data type (GIS, DATA_GEOMETRY)
      • Separate tablespace for temporary InnoDB tables.
      • Support for InnoDB Full-text parser plugins was added.
      • Multiple page cleaner threads were added.
      • Regular an partitioned InnoDB tables can be rebuilt using online in-place DDL commands (OPTIMZE, ALTER TABLE FORCE)
      • Automatic detection, support and optimization for Fusion-io NVM file system to support atomic writes.
      • Better support for Transportable Tablespaces to ease backup process.
      • InnoDB Buffer Pool size can be configured dynamically.
      • Multi-threaded page cleaner support for shutdown and recovery phase.
      • InnoDB spatial index support for online in place operation (ADD SPATIAL INDEX)
      • InnoDB sorted index builds to improve bulk loads.
      • Identification of modified tablespaces to increase crash recovery performance.
      • InnoDB UNDO log truncation.
      • InnoDB native partition support.
      • InnoDB general tablespace support for databases with a huge amount of tables.
      • InnoDB data at rest encryption for file-per-table tablespaces.
    • Performance
      • EXPLAIN for running connections (FOR CONNECTIONS)
      • Finer Control of optimizer hints.
    • Security
      • Old password support has been removed.
      • Automatic password expiry policies.
      • Lock and unlock of accounts.
      • SSL and RSA certificate and key file generation.
      • SSL enabled automatically if available.
      • MySQL will be initialized secure by default (= hardened)
      • STRICT_TRANS_TABLES sql_mode is now enabled by default.
      • ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY sql_mode made more sophisticated to only prohibit non deterministic query.
    • Replication
      • Master dump thread was refactored to improve throughput.
      • Replication Master change without STOP SLAVE.
      • Multi-source replication introduced.
    • Partitioning
      • HANDLER statement works now on partitioned tables.
      • Index Condition Pushdown (ICP) works for partitioned InnoDB and MyISAM tables.
      • ALTER TABLE EXCHANGE PARTITION WITHOU VALIDATION is possible to improve performance of exchnage.
    • Native JSON support
      • Data type JSON.
      • JSON functions: JSON_ARRAY, JSON_MERGE, JSON_OBJECT, JSON_CONTAINS, JSON_CONTAINS_PATH, JSON_EXTRACT, JSON_KEYS, JSON_SEARCH, JSON_APPEND, JSON_ARRAY_APPEND, JSON_ARRAY_INSERT, JSON_INSERT, JSON_QUOTE, JSON_REMOVE, JSON_REPLACE, JSON_SET, JSON_UNQUOTE, JSON_DEPTH, JSON_LENGTH, JSON_TYPE, JSON_VALID
    • System and status variables moved from INFORMATION_SCHEMA to PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA.
    • Sys Schema created by default.
    • Condition handling: GET STACKED DIAGNOSTICS
    • Multiple triggers per event are possible now.
    • Native logging to syslog possible.
    • Generated Column support.
    • Database rewriting in mysqlbinlog.
    • Control+C in mysql client does not exit any more but interrupts query only.
    • New China National Standard GB18030 character set.
    • RENAME INDEX is online inplace without a table copy.
    • Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) full-text parser implemented (ngram MeCab full-test parser plugins).
    • Deprecation and remove of features.
    • XtraDB
      • Allow up to 64K pages in InnoDB (old limit was 16K).
      • Defragmenting InnoDB Tablespaces improved which uses OPTIMIZE TABLE to defragment InnoDB tablespaces.
      • XtraDB page compression
    • Performance
      • Page compression for FusionIO
      • Do not create .frm files for temporary tables.
      • UNION ALL works without usage of a temporary table.
      • Scalability fixes for Power8.
      • Performance improvements on simple queries.
      • Performance Schema tables no longer use .frm files.
      • xid cache scalability was significantly improved.
    • Replication
      • Optimistic mode of in-order parallel replication
      • domain_id based replication filters
      • Enhanced semisync replication: Wait for at least one slave to acknowledge transaction before committing.
      • Triggers can now be run on the slave for row-based events.
      • Dump Thread Enhancements: Makes multiple slave setups faster by allowing concurrent reading of binary log.
      • Throughput improvements in parallel replication.
      • RESET_MASTER is extended with TO.
    • Optimizer
      • ANALYZE statement provides output for how many rows were actually read, etc.
      • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
      • ORDER BY optimization is improved.
      • MAX_STATEMENT_TIME can be used to automatically abort long running queries.
    • Security
      • Password validation plugin API.
      • Simple password check password validation plugin.
      • Cracklib_password_check password validation plugin.
      • Table, Tablespace and Log at-rest encryption (TDE)
      • SET DEFAULT ROLE
      • New columns for the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.APPLICABLE_ROLES table.
    • Galera Cluster plugin becomes standard in MariaDB.
    • Wsrep information in INFORMATION_SCHEMA: WSREP_MEMBERSHIP and WSREP_STATUS
    • Consistent support for IF EXISTS and IF NOT EXISTS and OR REPLACE for: CREATE DATABASE, CREATE FUNCTION UDF, CREATE ROLE, CREATE SERVER, CREATE USER, CREATE VIEW, DROP ROLE, DROP USER, CREATE EVENT, DROP EVENT, CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, CREATE TRIGGER, DROP TRIGGER
    • Information Schema plugins can now support SHOW and FLUSH statements.
    • GET_LOCK() now supports microseconds in the timeout.
    • The number of rows affected by a slow UPDATE or DELETE is now recorded in the slow query log.
    • Anonymous Compound Statents blocks are supported.
    • SQL standards-compliant behavior when dealing with Primary Keys with Nullable Columns.
    • Automatic discovery of PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA tables.
    • INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES, enforce_storage_engine, default-tmp-storage-engine, mysql56-temporal-format, Slave_skipped_errors, silent-startup
    • New status variables to show the number of grants on different object.
    • Set variables per statement: SET STATEMENT
    • Support for Spatial Reference systems for the GIS data.
    • More functions from the OGC standard added: ST_Boundary, ST_ConvexHull, ST_IsRing, ST_PointOnSurface, ST_Relate
    • GIS INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables: GEOMETRY_COLUMNS, SPATIAL_REF_SYS
    MySQL 8.0 (link)MariaDB 10.2 (link)
    • InnoDB
      • InnoDB Version 8.0
      • AUTO_INCREMENT values are persisted across server restarts.
      • Index corruption and in-memory corruption detection written persistently to the transaction log.
      • InnoDB Memcached plugin supports multiple get operations.
      • Deadlock detection can be disabled and leads to a lock timeout to increase performance.
      • Index pages cached in buffer pool are listed in INNODB_CACHED_INDEXES.
      • All InnoDB temporary tables are created in InnoDB shared temporary tablespace.
    • JSON
      • Inline path operator -
        >
        > added.
      • Column path operator -
        > improved.
      • JSON aggregation functions JSON_ARRAYAGG() and JSON_OBJECTAGG() added.
    • Security
      • Account management supports roles.
      • Atomicity in User Management DDLs.
    • Transactional data dictionary (DD).
    • Common Table Expressions (CTE, recursive SQL, Series creation)
    • Descending Indexes
    • Scaling and Performance of INFORMATION_SCHEMA (1 Mio table problem)
    • Deprecation and remove of features.

    MySQL 8.0 is currently in a very early stage (DMR) so this list will increase over time!

    • XtraDB
      • XtraDB Version 5.6
    • Security
      • SHOW CREATE USER
      • CREATE USER and ALTER USER extended for limiting resources and TLS/SSL support.
    • Performance
      • Connection creation speed-up by separate thread.
    • Optimizer
      • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON improved.
    • Partition
      • Catchall partition for LIST partitions.
    • Introduction of Window functions: CUME_DIST, DENSE_RANK, NTILE, PERCENT_RANK, RANK, ROW_NUMBER
    • SHOW CREATE USER statement and limiting user resource usage introduced
    • Common Table Expression (CTE) WITH clause for recursive queries.
    • CHECK CONSTRAINT support.
    • Support for DEFAULT with expression.
    • BLOB and TEXT can now have default values.
    • Virtual computed columns restrictions lifted.
    • Supported decimals in DECIMAL increased from 30 to 38.
    • Temporary tables can be referred to several times in the same query.
    • Multiple triggers for the same event.
    • InnoDB/XtraDB 5.7.14 was merged.
    • ANALYZE TABLE implemented lock free.
    • CONNECT engine supports JDBC table type.
    • NO PAD collation support.
    • Table cache can auto-partition introduced.
    • New Window functions: LEAD, LAG, NTH_VALUE, FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE
    • Slave binary log read throttling, delayed replication, and binary log compression implemented.
    • JSON functions added
    • Oracle style EXECUTE IMMEDIATE.
    • PREPARE STATEMENT understand most expressions.
    • TRIGGERS enhanced by FOLLOWS/PRECEDES clauses.
    • I_S.USER_VARIABLES introduced as plugin.
    • New status information: Com_alter_user, Com_multi, Com_show_create_user.
    • New variables: innodb_tmpdir, read_binlog_speed_limit.
    • DML flashback introduced on instance, database and table level.
    • GeoJSON functions added.
    • To come soon
      • MariaDB Column store (ex. InfiniDB)
      • MyRocks?

    MariaDB 10.2 is currently in a early stage (beta release) so this list will increase over time…

    MySQL 9.0MariaDB 10.3 (link) and 10.4
    No details are known yet. MySQL developer meeting took place in November 2016.
    • Suggested features
      • Hidden columns
      • Long unique constraints
      • SQL based CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION
      • New data types: IPv6, UUID, pluggable data-type API
      • Better support for CJK (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) languages. Include the ngram full-text parser and MeCab full-text parser .
      • Improvement of Spider SE.
      • Support for SEQUENCES
      • Additional PL/SQL parser
      • Support for INTERSECT
      • Support for EXCEPT

    MariaDB 10.3 is currently in a very early stage so this list will increase over time!

    Please let us know if I got something wrong or forgot any significant feature for theses 2 MySQL branches.

    tags: 
    features mariadb mysql gtid comparison